The Future of Cool: Additive Manufacturing and Ni-Ti Metal Bolster Cooling Technology

The Future of Cool: Additive Manufacturing and Ni-Ti Metal Bolster Cooling Technology

The Future of Cool: Additive Manufacturing and Ni-Ti Metal Bolster Cooling Technology

Image created by MSE Post-Doc, Jiaqi Dai.
Image created by MSE Post-Doc, Jiaqi Dai.

Scientists at the University of Maryland have developed a novel elastocaloric cooling material, comprised of a nickel (Ni)-titanium (Ti) alloy and sculpted using additive technology, that is highly efficient, eco-friendly and easily scaled-up for commercial use – the study was published in Science today.

Cooling technology, used in refrigeration and HVAC systems around the globe, is a multi-billion dollar business. Vapor compression cooling, which has dominated the market for over 150 years, has not only plateaued where efficiency is concerned, but also uses chemical refrigerants with high global-warming potential (GWP). Solid-state elastocaloric cooling, where stress is applied to materials to release and absorb (latent) heat, has been under development for the last decade and is a front-runner in the so-called alternative cooling technologies. Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are found to display a significant elastocaloric cooling effect; however, presence of hysteresis – work lost in each cycle and cause of materials fatigue and eventual failure – remains a challenge.

To that end, an international team of collaborators led by UMD Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) Professor, Ichiro Takeuchi, has developed an improved elastocaloric cooling material using a blend of nickel and titanium metals, forged using a 3D printer, that is not only potentially more efficient than current technology, but is completely ‘green.’ Moreover, it can be quickly scaled up for use in larger devices.

“In this field of alternative cooling technologies, it’s very important to work on both the materials end, as well as the systems end – we are fortunate to have a highly-qualified team of experts at UMD College Park to work on both ends,” said Takeuchi. “It’s only when these two efforts closely align that you make rapid progress, which our team was able to do.”

Comparatively speaking, there are three classes of caloric cooling technology – magnetocaloric, electrocaloric and elastocaloric – all of which are ‘green’ and vapor-less. Magnetocaloric, the oldest of the three, has been under development for 40 years and is just now on the verge of being commercialized.

“The need for additive technology, otherwise known as 3D printing, in this field is particularly acute because these materials also act as heat exchangers, delivering cooling to a medium such as water,” Takeuchi said.

Takeuchi has been developing this technology for almost a decade – he received the UMD Outstanding Invention of the Year for this research in 2010, and the DOE ranked elastocaloric cooling, also known as thermoelastic cooling, #1 as the ‘most promising’ of alternative cooling technology in 2014 – and it is one step closer to commercialization.

“The key to this innovation that is fundamental, but not often discussed, is that materials fatigue – they wear out,” said Takeuchi. “This is a problem when people expect their refrigerators to last for a decade, or longer. So, we addressed the problem in our study.”

The team tested their creation heavily over a four-month period, and it still maintained its integrity.

“Some known elastocaloric materials start showing degradation in cooling behavior after just hundreds of cycles,” said Huilong Hou, who served as first author of the study. “To our surprise, the new material we synthesized showed no change after one million cycles.”

The metal additive manufacturing mixes metals in powder form, and then uses a laser to melt them into a specified shape. By controlling the powder feed, the team was able to produce nanocomposites which gave rise to the robust mechanical integrity in the material.  

The international team included scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, where 3D printing was carried out and researchers from the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, who helped investigate the internal structure of the printed materials.

For additional information:

Hou, H., et al. (2019 Nov 29). Fatigue-resistant high performance elastocaloric materials by means of additive manufacturing. Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7616.

Related media:

In Hot Pursuit of 21st Century Cooling, Feb. 20, 2020 - APS Physics

The Future of Cool, Dec. 03, 2019 - Maryland Today

Related Articles:
A Greener Alternative to Hot-Mix Asphalt
Barua Wins NSF Grant
$2M for New Magnetometer Technology
Marc Dandin Receives NSF CAREER Award
Nature Names Sustainable Cooling a Key Technology to Watch in 2025
Jenna Mueller Receives 2025 SPIE Early Career Achievement Award
Advancing Rapid Protein Analysis with Electronic Sensing
Maryland Engineering Senior Among Aviation Week’s 2025 Class of 20 Twenties
Wereley, Choi Honored with Outstanding Technical Paper Award at CAMX 2024
Erika Moore Gives TED Talk on Advancing Health Equity in Lupus Research

November 28, 2019


Prev   Next

Current Headlines

Marc Dandin Receives NSF CAREER Award

Engineering Momentum: A Transformative Start to 2025

Maryland Applied Graduate Engineering Launches Cutting-Edge AI Graduate Program for Fall 2025

Ingestible Capsule Advances May Lead to Earlier Detection of Diseases

Professor Katrina Groth delivers a lecture at Politecnico di Milano

Nature Names Sustainable Cooling a Key Technology to Watch in 2025

RAMS 2025 Reliability Engineering Program Alumni Reception

Celebrating Black History Month

News Resources

Return to Newsroom

Search News

Archived News

Events Resources

Events Calendar