Snow Is More Complicated Than You ThinkThis article appeared originally in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering's 2018 alumni magazine, Civil Remarks. Find more stories at go.umd.edu/civilremarks. The old adage that no two snowflakes are alike may not be wholly true, but it captures the complexities scientists grapple with when quantifying just how much water is stored in the ice crystals blanketing earth. That measurement is known as snow-water equivalent (SWE), and on it turns global climate models, water supply projections for more than a billion people, and policies in areas like sustainable agriculture and energy production. “Despite its importance, we still do not really know how much snow exists in the world,” said Barton Forman, an associate professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) and the Deborah J. Goodings Professor of Engineering for Global Stability. Snowpacks vary substantially by location and across time. They can be powdered or packed, thin or dense, coarse or smooth, dry or slushy—and each characteristic interfaces with sensors and models differently. What’s worse, the expansive range of snowpacks makes measuring them with land-based tools alone nearly impossible. So Forman and his research team have taken to space. Through partnerships with NASA’s Ames Research Center and Goddard Space Flight Center, the eight-person team is scrutinizing an array of existing and potential satellite sensors for a combination that will together lead to more accurate SWE measurements. “There are pros and cons to every sensor,” explained Yonghwan Kwon, a CEE postdoctoral associate, adding that no one sensor can measure SWE directly. “Passive microwave sensors, for example, can detect energy emissions from snow through cloud cover and give useful information if the snow is cold and dry. But its accuracy drops significantly when the snowpack becomes wet or if it is covered by forest or near lakes and rivers.” Forman, Kwon, and the rest of the team are focused first on stress testing the remote sensing method lidar for a potential satellite launch. Lidar instruments reveal the distance to an object by calculating how long it takes a series of laser pulses to bounce back. By comparing readings taken when the ground was snow free and snow clad, lidar allows scientists to measure snow depth with greater accuracy than other remote sensing technologies. “The problems are that lidar performs badly in cloudy conditions and loses accuracy the farther the sensor is from the object being measured,” Kwon said. Over the next year, the researchers will continue to run computational experiments to pinpoint the design, flight path, and overpass rate a lidar satellite would need to deliver scientifically usable results. They plan to conduct similar experiments with passive microwave and radar instruments. The team’s long-term goal is to develop prediction tools—similar to those used for weather forecasting—that climate scientists and decision makers can employ to develop more robust water models and policies. “Predicting the future is incredibly powerful,” Forman said. “But before we can confidently predict the future, we have to be able to accurately describe the present.”
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